The on-board pantograph-catenary monitoring system is mainly designed to address the pantograph-catenary faults that occur during train operation. By employing technologies such as visible light image acquisition, ultraviolet detection, infrared thermal imaging, binocular vision, laser triangulation measurement, car body vibration compensation, and Hall current sensing, it can monitor in real time the structural status of the pantograph, arc discharge between the pantograph and the catenary, heating of the pantograph-catenary contact area, suspension of the overhead contact line, geometric parameters of the overhead contact line, wear of the contact wire, hard spots on the overhead contact line, traction current of the pantograph-catenary system, and contact force between the pantograph and the catenary. When an abnormality occurs in the pantograph-catenary system, the on-board pantograph monitoring system can send real-time alarms through the Train Control and Management System (TCMS). It also transmits data images and alarm signals to the Operations Control Center (OCC) or ground service terminals in real time via the vehicle-to-ground communication network. The ground terminal can view real-time videos from video surveillance cameras, as well as fault videos and historical videos, through the Passenger Information System (PIS) channel. This enables rapid and accurate handling of pantograph-catenary accidents and preventive maintenance of potential hazards in the power supply lines, thereby ensuring the safety of power supply and reducing accident losses.