The 360° exterior image detection system for trains, which is part of the intelligent vehicle wayside detection system, targets the key safety maintenance items in the daily manual inspection process of trains. By adopting high-frequency visual sensing technology, it can conduct real-time high-definition exterior imaging of key components and systems of trains passing through the detection area, including the running gear, traction system, current collection system, braking and air supply system, doors, windows, and air conditioning. Leveraging artificial intelligence technologies such as computer vision, deep learning, and data-driven hierarchical early warning, the system can achieve real-time alarm for abnormal components. This helps to improve work efficiency, reduce the workload of manual inspection, and lower operation and maintenance costs.