Photovoltaic Module Manufacturing

Photovoltaic modules are core equipment in solar power generation systems. They are mainly composed of solar cells, encapsulation film, glass, backsheets or dual-glass structures, frames, junction boxes, and other components. Their primary function is to convert sunlight directly into direct current electricity. By cell technology, photovoltaic modules can be classified into PERC modules, TOPCon modules, HJT modules, BC modules, and other types. By structural form, they can be divided into single-glass modules, dual-glass modules, bifacial modules, and flexible modules. Photovoltaic modules are widely used in utility-scale solar power plants, distributed rooftop PV systems, commercial and industrial PV projects, agrivoltaics, building-integrated photovoltaics, and off-grid power supply scenarios. With the development of high-efficiency cells, low-degradation encapsulation, intelligent operation and maintenance, and module recycling technologies, photovoltaic modules are upgrading toward higher power output, higher reliability, lower levelized cost of electricity, and greener full-lifecycle development.